Research library

Randomized crossover study with NCAA Division I athletes from volleyball, American football and cross-country: two weeks each with five cold baths per week or without. HRV and sleep via WHOOP band, recovery questionnaires, and countermovement and drop jumps were measured.

Randomized, assessor-blinded study with 50 male cricket fast bowlers (aged 18–45) with shoulder pain and an internal rotation deficit over 10°: six weeks of Mulligan mobilization plus movement control training or plus stretching and isometrics, three times per week.

Randomized, participant-blinded study with 29 adults (aged 18 to 65) with patellar tendon pain lasting more than three months despite physiotherapy: one ultrasound-guided injection of 5 ml PRP or saline, with 32 weeks of follow-up using questionnaires and ultrasound.

Single-arm study from the University of Utah with 28 analyzed adults aged 18 to 49: a single injection of leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma into the hip joint after failed conservative treatment. How did patients rate their hip after six months?

Randomized, sham-controlled study with 25 trained soldiers: three laser treatments per week on the front of the thighs after strength and conditioning sessions, for three weeks. Outcomes included jump performance, muscle soreness, isokinetic strength and sleep and heart rate from a ring.

Randomized study by Istanbul University with 40 female handball players aged 15 to 19: hip strengthening with resistance bands three times a week for eight weeks in addition to training versus usual training. Primary outcomes: throwing velocity, throwing accuracy and isokinetic hip strength.

Randomized crossover study with 24 healthy adults (aged 18–39), 12 aerobically active and 12 inactive: three days of normal sleep and three days with 30% less time in bed in random order. The primary outcome was pulse wave velocity as a measure of arterial stiffness.

Prospective single-arm observational study with 29 adults: ultrasound-guided tenotomy at the inner or outer elbow with the TenJet system after at least 3 months of unsuccessful conservative care. Pain and elbow function were tracked over 12 months.

Randomized Cleveland Clinic Akron General study with 41 adults aged 18 to 70 with tennis elbow: six physiotherapy visits with or without exercises under blood flow restriction. The primary outcome was the PRTEE symptom questionnaire after 12 months.

Single-arm intervention study with 23 healthy, resistance-trained adults (aged 20–40): twice-weekly self-directed training of the knee-stabilizing muscles logged in an iOS app. Stop-and-go running, 20 m sprint, countermovement and squat jumps were measured.

Randomized study with 148 adolescents and adults before orthopedic surgery for a sports injury: pain coaching in person, via telehealth, or standard care. Outcomes were pain intensity, opioid use, sleep and physical function up to three months after surgery.

Prospective cohort study with 20 male amateur rugby players from the Fédérale 3 division: FMS test at the start of the season, then recording of all time-loss injuries for up to 7 months.

Randomized three-arm study at National Chung Hsing University with 75 adults aged 18 to 64: one month of a Garmin tracker with motivational support via the LINE messenger app, tracker alone, or no device. Steps per day and sitting time were measured; sleep quality was also planned.

Randomized study with 30 female volleyball players aged 15 to 25: motor imagery of correct landing in individual or group format versus a control group without training. Outcomes were joint angles at ground contact after jumping and cognitive tests after twelve weeks.

Randomized crossover study with 90 athletes (aged 18 to 25): before a treadmill graded test they completed 30 minutes of a mentally fatiguing or an easy colour-word task. Groups with high, intermediate and low mindfulness were compared.

Randomized, double-blind crossover study by the US Army Research Institute with active men: 5 days of pioglitazone or placebo, then 80 minutes on a treadmill in a hypobaric chamber at about 4300 m with 145 g glucose. 7 participants were analyzed.

Randomized, triple-blind study from the Poznań University of Physical Education with professional dancers: a daily probiotic (L. helveticus R-0052 and B. longum R-0175) or placebo for 3 months. Blood markers and fatigue, sleep, stress coping and digestion were assessed.

Double-blind randomized trial by the University of Michigan (MiACLR) with 135 enrolled patients aged 14 to 45: 8 weeks each of high-intensity electrical stimulation and heavy eccentric leg press versus the same treatments at low intensity. Follow-up to 18 months.

Randomized pilot study with 46 runners (aged 18 to 65, at least 10 miles per week before injury) with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: physiotherapy alone, plus shockwave, or plus shockwave and light therapy. Outcomes at three months: VISA-A, calf raises to fatigue, tendon cross-sectional area.

Randomized study with 36 adults (aged 20–50) with chronic ankle instability: 12 sessions of balance training alone or combined with a neurodynamic sliding technique for the common peroneal nerve. Pressure pain thresholds, nerve mobility, balance and function were measured.

Randomized study with 47 adults (aged 18 to 60) with unilateral Achilles tendinopathy: twelve weeks of a daily Silbernagel heel-raise programme with or without four sessions of low-energy focused shockwave therapy. Outcomes at 26 weeks: VISA-A, pain and tendon structure on ultrasound.

Double-blind randomized trial in 192 adults undergoing outpatient ACL reconstruction: standard nerve blocks with or without an additional block of the genicular nerves. The primary outcome was opioid use in the first 24 hours.

Prospective observational study with 87 healthy children and adolescents in three age groups (3–5, 6–11, 12–17 years). Hip- and wrist-worn ActiGraph sensors were compared in the lab with a GAITRite walkway and APDM sensors, followed by a wear period at home.

Randomized study with 90 adults after surgery at a sports medicine clinic: follow-up visits at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months by phone or in person. The primary outcome was physical and mental health (PROMIS) at six months.

Non-randomized, blinded crossover study by Universidad Nacional de Colombia with 10 rugby players: three days of waffles with 6 mmol nitrate from beetroot extract or placebo, followed by a 40 m sprint, Bronco test, squat, bench press and fatigue rating.

Cluster-randomized study with 903 enrolled cadets aged 17 to 26: just before the deadlift test, a message about injury risk, one about spinal resilience, or none. Maximum weight lifted, beliefs about the back and self-confidence were measured.

Quadruple-blind randomized study with 30 male professional footballers from a Brazilian club: whole-body LED irradiation before or after an intense strength session, or sham irradiation. Creatine kinase, soreness, knee extension strength and jump heights were measured up to 72 hours afterwards.

Randomized trial from the University at Buffalo with 113 adolescents aged 10 to 18 within ten days of a sport-related concussion: daily aerobic exercise at 80% of threshold heart rate or daily stretching. The outcome was time to physician-confirmed recovery.

Prospective cohort study at UT Southwestern Medical Center with 102 people aged 18 to 39: 61 women with natural cycles, 30 using hormonal contraception, 11 men. Stretch and flexion reflexes, H-reflex, muscle twitch, force steadiness and cortical excitability by transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured.

Randomized, blinded study with 49 healthy adults (aged 55–80): eight weeks of "Body-Brain Trainer", an exercise video game with adaptive cognitive tasks, or a control group using learning and logic apps. Attention, working memory, blood pressure, balance and EEG were measured.

Non-randomized pilot study by Seattle Children's Hospital with 110 enrolled adolescents aged 11 to 17 or parents: usual care or an added decision aid on sport participation after concussion. Regret, decisional conflict, engagement and physical activity were measured.

Randomized study with 30 healthy women (aged 18–35): after 5 × 20 drop jumps they underwent two 5-minute immersions in cold (10 °C) or warm (40 °C) water, or sat for 12.5 minutes. Maximal strength, soreness, swelling, creatine kinase, temperatures and muscle oxygenation were measured.

Randomized, double-blind study with 122 inactive adults aged 55 to 80: 24 weeks of supervised moderate-intensity cycling or light cycling plus stretching, three times per week each, plus an acute comparison of single sessions. Outcomes were spatial learning, brain connectivity and VO2peak.

Randomized study by the University of Illinois with 71 inactive adults aged 18 to 45 with anxiety symptoms: 30 minutes of sun salutations, treadmill walking at 50 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate, or seated rest. Primary outcome: working memory in the n-back test.

Randomized crossover study by Virginia Tech with 14 female runners: two five-day phases of reduced energy intake at 30 kcal per kg fat-free mass and daily treadmill running, once with an added 5 × 10 jumps. Blood markers of bone formation and resorption and hormones were measured.

Cross-sectional comparison by Istanbul University with 39 high school and university athletes aged 14 to 30 from basketball, volleyball and football: previously injured on one leg or uninjured. Single-leg stability and three hop tests were assessed, alone and with an added cognitive task.

Randomized pilot study by Abasyn University Peshawar with 32 people after ACL reconstruction: eight weeks of standard rehab with light leg training, 16 per group with or without blood flow restriction. Assessor-blinded.

Prospective cohort study with 377 athletes aged 14 to 24 from various sports: Star Excursion Balance Test and Functional Movement Screen before the season, followed by recording of all ankle injuries. 59 sustained an ankle injury.

Randomized, triple-blinded trial with 84 adults with plantar fasciitis: home program of strengthening or stretching exercises, each added to conservative physical therapy. Worst pain, morning pain and gait parameters were measured over three months.

Single-arm study from Mexico with 64 recreational athletes aged 30 to 55 with knee pain for over 3 months: injections of Synolis VA (hyaluronic acid with sorbitol), follow-up at 15 days, 3 and 6 months using the KOOS and IKDC questionnaires.

Randomized four-arm trial with active-duty US service members aged 18 to 64 (48 consented, 46 randomized) with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: physiotherapy alone, plus photobiomodulation, plus shockwave or plus both over three weeks. Measured: VISA-A, LEFS, pain and further function and ultrasound measures up to six months.

Randomized, double-blind crossover study at Indiana University with 17 enrolled, regularly exercising adults (18–40 years): a single 100 mg dose of mirabegron or placebo before a progressively colder water immersion. The context is cold protection for Navy divers.

Randomized study from the University of Michigan with soccer players aged 13 to 19: 12 weeks of supervised strength training twice a week, with or without intensive neck training. Head acceleration during direct impacts and simulated body checks was measured.

Randomized Virginia Tech study with 33 women and men (18 to 40 years) experienced in strength training: 10 weeks of supervised strength training three times a week plus an extra 500 kcal daily as a peanut snack or a peanut-free high-carbohydrate snack. Body mass and lean mass by DXA were measured.

Single-blind randomized trial in a military health system: 71 enrolled adults with plantar fasciitis lasting at least three months received nine laser sessions or a sham treatment over three weeks, each on top of usual care.

Randomized, blinded crossover study with 30 enrolled healthy women, premenopausal (18 to 35) or postmenopausal (55 to 70): cycling at moderate and heavy intensity under esmolol or saline. How did oxygen saturation in the working muscle respond?

Randomized trial (Chicas Fuertes) from the University of California, San Diego, with 160 inactive Latina girls aged 13 to 18: counseling session, individually tailored website, text-message goal setting, Instagram and Fitbit versus Fitbit alone. Main outcome: moderate-to-vigorous activity at six months.

Randomized, quadruple-blinded trial with 50 adults (18 to 50 years) with tennis elbow: six treatments over three weeks with a light therapy plus static magnetic field device or identical sham treatment. Pain, function, grip strength and the inflammatory marker TNF-α were measured.

Non-randomized study with 73 basketball, soccer and volleyball players (aged 18 and older): 31 took a combined pill for one year, 42 used no hormonal contraception. The primary outcome was time-loss injuries; relaxin, knee ligament laxity and landing mechanics were also assessed.

Randomized Mayo Clinic study with 150 athletes aged 13 to 30 from sports with jumping and cutting: six weeks of final-stage rehab in three variants after ACL reconstruction. How many then suffered a second ACL tear?

Single-arm study with 8 recreationally active adults: epoetin alfa three times per week for 4 weeks during an intense training program. Outcomes were hemoglobin, 5 km treadmill time and fat oxidation under load.

Case-control study with 34 volleyball and basketball players aged 18 to 40: 17 with patellar tendon pain and 17 pain-free players matched for sex, age and body size. Joint angles in countermovement jump and step-down, hip control and biceps femoris EMG were measured.

Randomized, assessor-blinded multicentre study with 140 adults (aged 18–75) in China: cruciate ligament reconstruction using the new Biosure Regenesorb screw or its predecessor BIOSURE HA. The main outcome was the Lysholm score at 12 months.

Bangor University, crossover with 23 healthy adults: six days each of a nitrate-rich beetroot shot or nitrate-depleted placebo, then six hours of hypoxia to assess mountain sickness and an endurance test to exhaustion at a simulated 3225 m.

Randomized phase 2 study with 24 patients aged 14 to 40 with a fresh ACL tear and bone bruise: joint aspiration alone or aspiration plus two injections of leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma before reconstruction. Ten inflammatory messengers in the joint fluid were measured.

Non-randomized pilot study from Wake Forest University with 106 participants – youth players, coaches, parents and league officials: sensor mouthguards measure head impacts in practice, first under usual practice, then with the jointly developed COACH practice structure.

Randomized study at National Taiwan Normal University with 78 adults aged 21 to 28: 35 minutes each of combined endurance-resistance exercise, endurance exercise only, or reading. Afterwards, a task-switching test with response times, plus lactate before, during and after the session.

Randomized, double-blind study from the Universidad de Colima (Mexico) with 34 male students aged 12 to 17: four weekly endurance sessions with coconut water or electrolyte solution (Electrolit). Hydration status was assessed by urine specific gravity, body water by bioimpedance and weight loss.

Randomized, double-blind pilot study (ELLMITS) with 38 healthy adults: video-based motor imagery with 20 minutes of active tDCS over the prefrontal cortex, the same imagery with sham stimulation, or a neutral video. Course time, brain activity (fNIRS) and feasibility were measured over one week.

Randomized, triple-blind crossover study with twenty-two adults with healthy shoulders: arm raising without tape, with inhibitory kinesio tape and with sham tape, each without load and with 2.3 kg. Muscle activity was measured with high-density EMG.

Randomized, double-blind phase 2 trial by Bayer with 76 adults: treatment of fresh sports-related soft tissue injuries of the leg or foot with 10% naproxen gel, 2.32% diclofenac gel or placebo. The main outcome was pressure tenderness over 72 hours.

Randomized study with 53 athletes (aged 18–25): eight weeks of a mindfulness program or waitlist. Before and after, the researchers tested how much a fatiguing Stroop task impairs treadmill performance, response control and EEG signals.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 30 sub-elite to elite female footballers: 28 days of 600 mg KSM-66 ashwagandha or a chickpea flour capsule daily. Jump performance, grip strength, medicine ball throw, perceived exertion, Hooper Index and perceived recovery were measured.

Randomized, triple-blind long-term study from Rhode Island Hospital: 90 active patients with ACL reconstruction at low or high graft tension, plus 60 uninjured controls. X-rays, knee questionnaires, stability and quality of life over up to 15 years.

Randomized, triple-blinded study with patients aged 15 to 40 with a recent ACL tear: standard rehab plus blood flow restriction or plus a sham cuff, about 4 weeks before and up to 24 weeks after surgery. Strength, rate of torque development, muscle MRI and gait mechanics were measured.

Randomized trial by Ohio State University with 62 enrolled adults aged 18 to 70 with unilateral lateral hip pain: four weeks of standard exercise versus exercise plus education on avoiding tendon-loading postures. Primary outcomes: global change and pain.

Randomized study from the University of Central Florida with 60 pain-free adults (18 to 60 years): three sets of ten knee extensions at 75% or 30% of one-repetition maximum, or quiet sitting. Pressure pain threshold and conditioned pain modulation were measured.

Randomized, single-blind pilot study by the manufacturer REGEnLIFE with 50 adults who sustained a concussion during sport: two 20-minute helmet treatments with light pulsed at 5 Hz or 10 Hz. How safe was the device, and how did symptoms develop?

Randomized crossover study at the University of Central Florida with 30 healthy adults (18–60 years): neck stretching into pain, pain-free stretching and hand ice water immersion, each four times for one minute. The primary outcome was pressure pain threshold between the first and second toes.

Non-randomized study from the University of Florida with 20 untrained adults aged 60 to 79: an 8-week control phase, then 8 weeks of remotely supervised home-based non-weight-bearing HIIT using arms and legs. Acute and long-term vascular responses were assessed.

Randomized study with 50 adults aged 18 to 35 after ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft: standard rehab with or without blood flow restriction at 20% of maximal load. DEXA measurements of lean mass, bone mass and bone density over twelve weeks.

Single-arm pilot study from the University of Bath with 21 memory clinic patients over 65: one short, equipment-free exercise session every morning and evening for 28 days. How well was it accepted – and did physical function change?

University of Toledo: 53 active adults aged 18 to 30, 23 with unilateral ankle instability. Sway in single-leg stance with eyes open and closed and reach in the Star Excursion Balance Test were measured, all while wearing toe socks.

Randomized, unblinded trial from NYU Langone Health with 150 adults after ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone graft: harvest defect filled with autologous bone alone, autologous bone plus demineralized bone matrix, or plus calcium phosphate cement. KOOS, Kujala score and knee pain at twelve months were measured.

Randomized, unblinded study with two cohorts: healthy untrained adults (16 per group) and collegiate baseball pitchers (19 and 18 started) trained the rotator cuff for eight weeks at 20% of maximal strength – with or without a cuff at 50% occlusion.

Prospective cohort study from National Taiwan Normal University with 159 adults aged 50 to 70: are fitness changes over 18 months linked to inhibitory performance on the Stroop task, and does the Alzheimer risk gene ApoE4 play a role?

Randomized, triple-blinded Emory University study with 93 female athletes aged 12 to 19: 6 weeks of neuromuscular training with real or sham biofeedback via AR glasses. Brain activity by fMRI and knee angles during lab and VR landings were measured.

Non-randomized pilot study at Connecticut Children's Medical Center: 47 adolescents after ACL reconstruction, 33 of them with added BFR training in physiotherapy. Isometric quadriceps and hamstring strength and the Pedi-IKDC were measured at three months and at return to sport.

Randomized pilot study from Northeastern University: 46 inactive, overweight adults over 60 completed 16 weeks of supervised training, half of them with the "Companion" coaching system. Activity and sitting time were measured by accelerometer at 4 and 6 months.

Single-arm feasibility study from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with 10 youth pitchers aged 8 to 14: an arm sensor was meant to detect every throw during a simulated game, compared with visual counting.

Randomized trial at the University of São Paulo with 118 recreational runners (18–55 years, at least 20 km per week): eight weeks of foot and ankle training with a physiotherapist and an app, or stretching as a control. The primary outcome was the number of running-related leg injuries within one year.

Randomized trial from Vanderbilt University with 99 healthy adults (30 to 60 years): twelve weeks of daily slow yoga breathing, either with exhale longer than inhale or with equal phases. High-frequency heart rate variability and anxiety were measured.

Non-randomized intervention study from Hacettepe University with 45 male youth footballers (12 to 14 years) from an academy in Gönyeli: eight weeks of core stabilization on top of football training or regular training only. Kicking velocity by radar, 20 m sprint and the 505 agility test were measured.

Randomized, double-blind study with 62 NCAA Division I athletes at East Carolina University: within 24 hours of a concussion they started taking 2200 mg DHA or placebo daily. Did athletes get back on the field faster?

Randomized, blinded study with 191 runners (aged 18–50, at least 12 miles per week) at West Point: transition away from heel striking with or without a shin-mounted accelerometer. Foot strike after training, at six months and at one year, plus injuries, were recorded.

Single-arm field study at Northern Vermont University with NCAA Division III athletes (18 to 24 years) from soccer, volleyball and basketball: about ten minutes of prevention training at least four times a week, testing landing technique (LESS) and balance (BESS) at the start, middle and end of the season.

Randomized crossover study in regular exercisers who habitually use cannabis (21–40 years): two 5 mg THC gummies or placebo before a cycling exercise protocol. Lactate, heart rate, VO2, RPE, time-trial mean power and time to exhaustion were measured.

Randomized, single-blinded NYU Langone Health study with 102 adults (18 to 75 years) undergoing ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft: adductor canal block alone or plus an IPACK block. Opioid use, pain up to day 7 and knee function at 6 months were measured.

Single-arm intervention study with 38 untrained adults (aged 18 to 30, BMI below 25 or above 30): one session of leg press, squat, knee extension and lat pulldown at 80% of maximum. miR-1 in blood vesicles, muscle and fat tissue was measured before and 90 minutes after.

Randomized crossover pilot study with 20 healthy adults at the University of Iowa: walking and functional tests without a brace, with a carbon fiber ankle-foot orthosis, and with the orthosis plus a medial or lateral wedge. Outcomes included knee motion, knee moment, agility, pain and comfort.

Randomized study from the University at Buffalo with 60 adolescents aged 13 to 18: athletes with concussion and healthy controls did two weeks of aerobic exercise at 90% of their exercise threshold, at high or low volume. The outcome was who still had symptoms beyond four weeks.

Randomized pilot study from Duke University with 26 employees aged 50 to 64: a movement-oriented behavioral activation group program (MOBA) immediately or after a waiting period. Outcomes were acceptability, physical performance, walking distance and activity behavior.

Triple-blind randomized trial from Mayo Clinic: older adults took four capsules daily with a total of 3.4 g EPA and DHA or soybean oil placebo for six months. Leg strength, BMI, body fat, lean mass and the inflammation markers CRP and ESR were measured.

Double-blind randomized phase 2 trial at the University of Wisconsin: 30 enrolled adults (18–39 years) with chronic jumper's knee who had not improved with physiotherapy. PRP injection, dry needling and a sham procedure compared over 52 weeks.

Randomized, double-blind pilot study with 14 physically active adults with patellar tendinopathy after failed rehab: PRP injection alone or PRP plus concentrated plasma containing IGF. The main outcome was the VISA-P score at six months.

Double-blind, randomized phase 2 trial with 200 adults (18 to 60 years) with a fresh bruise, strain or sprain of an arm or leg after blunt trauma in sport: hydrogel patch with 165 mg esflurbiprofen or identical placebo patch. The main outcome was pain on movement at 72 hours.

Pseudo-randomized study with 41 healthy women (aged 18 to 40): 30 minutes of brisk treadmill walking three, five or ten times in one week, or rest as control. Pressure, heat and touch sensitivity were measured on forearm and calf.

Randomized, double-blind study from the Mayo Clinic with 78 healthy adults: 16 weeks of training in an EMS suit with the device switched on or off. Outcomes included endothelial function, VO2max, blood lipids, muscle enzymes and well-being questionnaires.

Randomized Colorado State University study with 40 inactive adults in four groups of ten: fitness tracker, six motivational interviewing sessions, both combined, or activity guidelines only. Twelve weeks, measured with questionnaires and accelerometers.

Randomized crossover study at the University of Iowa with 20 healthy adults aged 18 to 45: walking without an orthosis, with a moderate-stiffness and with a stiff Malleo-Lok orthosis. Ankle stiffness, push-off power, joint moment as well as pain and comfort were measured.

Randomized crossover study at the University of Iowa with 21 healthy adults aged 18 to 45: walking without aids, with a walking boot only, with a hands-free crutch or with axillary crutches, each with and without a boot. The primary outcome was whole-body angular momentum as a measure of gait stability.

Randomized study from Boston Children's Hospital with 41 patients aged 14 to 21: 8 weeks of heart-rate-guided aerobic exercise on 5 days per week or usual care. Outcomes included symptoms, cerebrovascular response, heart rate and exercise volume.

Randomized study from Inova Health with 25 plus 20 patients after ACL reconstruction: standard physical therapy with or without a BFR cuff from the second week after surgery. Knee function, pain, strength, muscle girth and range of motion tracked to week 12.

Double-blind, randomized trial (OPS II) with 34 physically active men aged 18 to 35: a single 750 mg testosterone undecanoate or placebo injection before 20 days of in-patient simulated operational stress from exercise, sleep restriction and energy deficit. Load carriage time, jump, deadlift, Wingate, VO2peak and body composition were measured.

Cluster-randomized study from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with 410 students: 10 lessons following the Sport Education model or regular PE. Outcomes included activity by questionnaire and sensor, motivation, enjoyment and lesson structure.

Randomized, blinded crossover study with 15 healthy adults (aged 18–35) with no taping experience: kinesiology tape on the quadriceps applied once from knee to hip and once from hip to knee. Vertical jump, single-leg triple hop, isokinetic torque and EMG were measured.

Randomized study with 43 children (aged 8–14) from martial arts, dance, gymnastics or acrobatics with Sever's disease: Cheetah heel cup or X brace for three months. Pain at rest, in daily life and during sport was recorded, along with the child-specific foot questionnaire OxAFQ-C.

Non-randomized cross-sectional study with 40 adults: 20 people at least three months after ACL reconstruction and 20 healthy controls performed a rehab exercise with and without individually dosed blood flow restriction. Joint angles, joint moments, difficulty and discomfort were measured.

Randomized, placebo-controlled study with 177 adults (aged 18–70) with recent tennis elbow: physiotherapy plus steroid injection, physiotherapy plus placebo injection, or wait-and-see. Self-rated treatment success was tracked over 52 weeks.

Randomized, quadruple-blind phase 2 trial by Aponia Laboratories with 251 healthy adults (18–55 years) with muscle soreness: 5% S-ibuprofen gel or drug-free vehicle gel. The primary outcome was pain relief with movement over 24 hours.

Randomized trial from Bogotá with 40 non-athletes aged 15 to 40 with patellofemoral pain: eight weeks of core, hip and knee strengthening versus hip and knee strengthening only. Outcomes included pain, Kujala score, trunk endurance, squats and balance.

Randomized, double-blind study from an Istanbul hospital with 66 patients whose conservative treatment had failed for at least 3 months: steroid injection under ultrasound guidance or by palpation. Pain and foot function at 1 and 3 months.

Randomized, quadruple-blinded phase 3 trial by Pfizer with 205 adults aged 18 to 65: 5 percent ibuprofen gel two or three times daily or placebo for three days after intense eccentric elbow flexor exercise. Primary outcome: soreness on movement over the first 24 hours.

Randomized, unblinded trial at a US military hospital in Landstuhl with 114 adults with plantar fasciitis for at least three months: six weeks of stretching and cold alone or plus nine laser treatments at 10 or 25 watts. Foot function, pain and ankle mobility were measured.

Small randomized University of Colorado study with 15 children and adolescents aged 10 to 17: brace, rest from impact and the sports medicine protocol, with or without three PRP injections into the knee. How did pain, function and sports ability develop over one year?

Prospective cohort study with 120 previously inactive adults (aged 18 to 35) training for a marathon. Before and after seven months, compacted and non-compacted myocardial layers and the complexity of the inner wall were measured with echocardiography and cardiac MRI.

Randomized study with 60 adults with chronic ankle instability: six short sessions of talocrural mobilization, plantar massage or no treatment over two weeks. Outcomes were how much participants depend on vision during single-leg stance, plus reflex and brain-stimulation measures.

Crossover study at the University of Texas at Austin with 40 healthy adults (20–40 years): after eccentrically induced soreness in one leg, participants watched 30 minutes of comedy or documentary in company. The primary outcome was pain tolerance to pressure on the thigh.

Single-arm University of Wyoming study with 42 enrolled adults aged 18 to 60 who had done the workout before: one session of "Murph", blood and urine samples up to 48 hours afterwards. How strongly did kidneys and muscles respond?

Randomized crossover study with 30 regularly exercising men aged 18 to 30: three electrical stimulation current types on the right leg compared for electrically evoked maximal force, discomfort on a VAS and fatigue over 21 contractions.

Triple-blind randomized pilot study (REPAIR) with 12 boxers aged 18 to 35 after mild to moderate concussion: 30 days of 500 mg resveratrol daily or a sugar pill. Liver values and reaction time at seven days are reported.

Prospective cohort study with 134 adolescents (aged 11 to 15): 44 footballers, 26 basketball players and 47 swimmers from Belgian youth elite sport plus 17 recreationally active controls. Airway response to a hyperventilation test, allergies and a sputum inflammation marker were measured.

Randomized study at Stony Brook University with 42 regularly exercising adults (18–40 years): reinfusion of two units of their own red blood cells after 7, 28 or 42 days of storage. The change in VO2max and exercise duration in a graded test was measured.

Randomized pilot study with ten adults aged 18 to 75 with a painful soft tissue injury in the past 30 days: treatment with the Freeze Plus device (radiofrequency plus magnetic field) or with ultrasound. Outcomes were pain in daily life, tissue perfusion and satisfaction up to day 21.

Randomized study by Cincinnati Children's Hospital with 62 high school football players aged 14 to 19: one season with or without the Q-Collar. Head impacts were measured with helmet sensors and white matter changes with diffusion MRI.

Randomized trial from Virginia Tech with 40 people aged 14 to 21 after ACL reconstruction: twelve biofeedback squat sessions over six weeks versus an education program. Knee extension moment, ground reaction force and knee motion were measured during a stop-jump.

Randomized, quadruple-blind phase 2 trial by Novartis with 96 patients aged 18 to 65 in whom painkillers and physiotherapy had failed: 300 mg secukinumab or placebo under the skin over 12 weeks, follow-up to week 24.

Non-randomized study with 72 female high school soccer players (14 to 19 years): one group wore the "Q-Collar" neck device during the season, the other did not. Head impacts were recorded by a sensor behind the ear, brain changes by diffusion MRI.

Non-randomized phase 2 study by the manufacturer Avid Radiopharmaceuticals: PET scans with flortaucipir (tau) and florbetapir (amyloid) in 30 former NFL players and 11 former athletes from non-contact sports.

Planned randomized, quadruple-blind crossover study at the University of California, San Francisco (STAMINA) in endurance athletes: two puffs of ipratropium bromide or placebo before each exercise challenge to provoke exercise-induced asthma. 20 participants are reported as enrolled, but results are missing.

Randomized, double-blind crossover study from Indiana University with 13 active adults (8 analyzed): 8 km cycling time trial after 10 mg cetirizine in hypoxia, after placebo in hypoxia and after placebo in normal room air. Time-trial duration and blood histamine were measured.

Non-randomized crossover study in a youth league in Birmingham, Alabama: 49 teams of 8- to 11-year-olds each played one match with one referee and one with three. Injuries were counted when a child had to leave the field or needed adult attention.

Randomized pilot trial from Turkey with 106 physically inactive, technology-focused children (8 to 13 years): twelve weeks of Nintendo Wii active games in the lab versus a control group without games. Outcomes were weight, BMI, body fat, reaction times and self-perception.

Randomized crossover study from the US Department of Veterans Affairs: 33 older adults completed twelve weeks each of supervised interval cycling and stretching/balance training, followed by six months of home cycling. Outcomes were estimated VO2peak, TMS and fMRI measures.

University of Arkansas pilot study with 327 football and soccer players aged 14 to 18: repeated ImPACT tests over one year in healthy players, plus gait analysis with dual task, the Y-Balance Test and a reaction test comparing healthy and recently concussed athletes.

Randomized, single-blind phase 1 study at Washington University with 34 healthy adults aged 18 to 40: eight sessions of ischemic conditioning with a blood pressure cuff or sham, combined with strength, driving-simulator and balance training. Primary reported outcome: wrist extensor one-repetition maximum.

Randomized study with 42 recreationally active adults (aged 18–65): eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on a cycle ergometer or seven-station circuit training, each twice a week under supervision. VO2max and ventilatory threshold were measured in cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

Randomized, double-blind study with 61 recreationally active women and men aged 18 to 35: 12 weeks of resistance training plus 26 g soy or 19 g whey protein daily, both providing 2 g leucine. Who built more muscle?

Single-group study from Hacettepe University: 13 wheelchair and 15 standing basketball players (all male professionals) trained for eight weeks with the Thrower's Ten program. Shoulder strength, grip strength, medicine ball throws and range of motion were measured at 8 and 12 weeks.

Randomized, triple-blinded phase 2 trial by the University of Michigan with 20 men aged 18 to 35: somatropin or placebo twice daily from one week before to five weeks after ACL reconstruction. Primary outcome: knee extension strength at 26 weeks.

Cluster-randomized trial from Pennington Biomedical Research Center with 481 female athletes from university teams: the "Healthy Weight" prevention program led by peer athletes versus an information brochure with wait-list option. Eating disorder symptoms (EDE-Q), binge episodes and thin-ideal internalization were assessed over 18 months.

Randomized crossover study with 20 enrolled lean men (aged 19 to 30, at least 4 hours of endurance exercise per week): five days each of calorie deficit with 1.7 or 0.8 g protein per kg body weight, or energy balance, each with daily endurance exercise.

Randomized crossover study by the Institute for Biomechanics at ETH Zurich with 20 healthy adults aged 18 to 45: walking in a sports shoe, the VACOped and the Ortho Tri-Phase with randomized boot order. Ankle range of motion and step length symmetry were recorded.

Randomized, unblinded study at Loma Linda University with 43 adults (18–45 years) with patellofemoral pain: four weeks of hamstring resistance training with the Protonics brace or a sport cord. Pelvic tilt, pain, Kujala score and self-rated change were assessed.

Randomized study from Mexico with 21 adults (18 to 60 years) with an acute grade 2 or 3 lateral ankle sprain: two weeks of lower-leg cast, with or without a single injection of 5 mL autologous PRP. Function scores and pain after six months.

Randomized, double-blind study in adults (11 per group) with tennis elbow for less than 12 weeks: kinesiology tape plus exercise, sham tape plus exercise, or exercise alone. Pain, daily function and grip strength were measured after two and six weeks.

Validation study with 201 healthy adults (aged 18–50) in four age groups: while running they wore the Spectrophon Dehydration Body Monitor in a Samsung Gear S2 and a Gear Fit2. The number of readings deviating by more or less than 20% from weighed body mass loss was counted.

Randomized pilot study at Cincinnati Children's Hospital with 15 high school athletes aged 14 to 19 in contact sports: a season with or without the Q-Collar. Diffusion tensor imaging compared white matter measures at the start and middle of the season.

Non-randomized pilot study at the University of British Columbia with 21 female amateur soccer players (18–45 years) from two teams: FIFA 11+ or the usual time-matched warm-up, three times per week over eight in-season weeks. Testers were blinded to group allocation.

Randomized crossover study from Ottawa with 30 adolescents aged 13 to 17: one hour each of Kinect active gaming, seated Xbox gaming or rest, with a week in between. How much did they eat and burn afterwards?

Randomized crossover study at Universidad Europea de Madrid with 40 male amateur cyclists: three hours on a road bike (90 km) and three hours on a mountain bike (55 km), one week apart. Outcomes were low back pain, pressure pain threshold and tensiomyography of back and thigh muscles.

Randomized, single-blind study from Washington University with 40 healthy 18- to 40-year-olds: three, four or five occlusion cycles on the upper arm or sham on seven weekdays, combined with balance, hand and sequence learning tasks.

Randomized, double-blind study at Kosin University with 26 male taekwondo athletes (17–19 years) with at least three years of national competition experience: six days of octacosanol (20 mg twice daily) or placebo during rapid weight loss.

Randomized, quadruple-blinded study with female school athletes in soccer, basketball and volleyball in Kentucky: neuromuscular training with lateral trunk perturbations versus sprint training of similar volume. 307 and 216 players were followed over 2 years.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study at 6 centers with 100 adults (21 to 80 years): a single injection into the extensor carpi radialis brevis with placebo or 0.45, 0.75, 1.5 or 3.0 mg rhPDGF-BB. Pain, DASH, PRTEE and grip strength over 24 weeks.

Randomized, single-blind study from the University of British Columbia with 25 recreationally active men aged 19 to 39: inspiratory muscle training versus sham training. Diaphragm EMG, scalene and sternocleidomastoid activity, Borg breathlessness and thigh oxygen extraction were measured.

Randomized study with 40 student athletes at the University of Arizona: a ten-week sleep programme with education, fitness tracker, daily sleep diary and text reminders, supplemented in one group by blue-blocking glasses and an LED light alarm. Sleep quality, insomnia, stress, depressive symptoms and quality of life were assessed.

Randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind phase 2 study with 37 inactive adults aged 18 to 50 with BMI 25 to 45: twelve weeks of supervised endurance training four times a week plus dapagliflozin or placebo. Outcomes: VO2max, respiratory exchange ratio, citrate synthase, insulin sensitivity, fat-free mass.

Randomized trial, blinded for patients and assessors, with 330 people aged 14 to 50: ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon, quadruple hamstring tendon or double-bundle technique. Quality of life, knee stability, re-ruptures and return to activity level over up to five years.

Prospective Cleveland Clinic study with 50 healthy adults: each participant wore two of four wrist devices (Apple Watch, Fitbit Charge HR, Mio Fuse, Basis Peak) plus a Polar H7 chest strap and ECG while walking and jogging on a treadmill.

Randomized 6-month study with 40 healthy women: continued mixed diet (10), vegetarian diet with placebo (15) or vegetarian diet with 1 g creatine and 0.8 g beta-alanine daily (15). Muscle and blood values as well as VO2max, time to exhaustion and lactate in an incremental cycling test were measured.

Cluster-randomized trial from Michigan State University with 1,543 girls in grades 5 to 8: counseling with the school nurse, individual online feedback and a 90-minute after-school activity club versus usual school offerings. Activity was measured by accelerometer.

Randomized, double-blind study from the universities of Kentucky and Vanderbilt with 49 athletes aged 14 to 33: corticosteroid (Kenalog, 40 mg) or saline into the knee shortly after an ACL tear. What happened to pain and cartilage markers before surgery?

Single-arm study at the University of Colorado Boulder with 25 office workers aged 18 to 55 who sit at least 6 hours a day: four weeks of pedalling a DeskCycle for 15 minutes per working hour. Glucose tolerance, VO2max, blood pressure, blood lipids and body composition were measured.

Triple-blind randomized study with 77 adults (aged 19 to 74) with ultrasound-confirmed rotator cuff tendinopathy: 25% dextrose with lidocaine into the tendon insertions, lidocaine alone at those sites, or lidocaine under the skin, each plus physiotherapy.

Randomized trial in Polish schools with 1217 adolescents (14 to 18 years): self-efficacy training, action planning, both combined or extended physical activity education. The main outcome was body fat after 14 months, plus activity, planning and self-efficacy.

Quadruple-blind randomized trial at Boston Children's Hospital: 53 patients aged eleven and older with cognitive symptoms persisting more than four weeks after concussion received 18 LED or placebo sessions over six weeks. Outcomes were ImPACT, executive function tests and symptom scales.

Open-label, single-arm phase 4 study by IBSA with 104 children and adolescents (6–16 years) with minor soft tissue injuries: diclofenac patch twice daily until pain resolved or for up to two weeks. The primary outcome was the skin reaction at the application site.

Exploratory imaging study with 30 enrolled men aged 40 to 69: former NFL players with symptoms, former elite athletes without head injuries, and Alzheimer's patients. Can tau and amyloid deposits be told apart with PET?

Randomized 2×2 pilot trial with 73 cognitively healthy, inactive adults aged 70 to 85: exercise training, cognitive training, combination or health education. The primary outcome was a composite cognition score at four months.

Randomized, triple-blind crossover study by the NIDDK with young men (18–30 years): 20 endurance runners versus 19 inactive peers. Hormone blockers and placebo were followed by a dexamethasone suppression test; the primary outcome was the proportion with adequate cortisol suppression.

Randomized, double-blind GlaxoSmithKline study with 300 schoolchildren aged 7 to 11 in Bangalore: four months of a daily micronutrient-fortified powder, an unfortified powder or no intervention. Step and shuttle run tests, 40 m sprint, reaction time, grip strength and nutrient status were measured.

Randomized, triple-blinded study by the University of North Carolina with 84 recreationally active adults: far-infrared fabric or spandex during exercise and at night, four groups. Maximal strength and creatine kinase were measured up to 48 hours after eccentric loading.

Randomized, triple-blind study with 150 healthy students in Santiago, Chile: cathode stimulation, anode stimulation or placebo, with handgrip dynamometry before and after a single application.

Single-arm basic science study with 15 healthy adults aged 18 to 55: walking in the Lokomat treadmill robot with targeted mechanical perturbations. The study measured what share of the change in step length and step height is compensated.

128 competitors in seven-day, 250-mile desert stage races: one randomly chosen foot was taped with paper tape at blister-prone spots, the other was left untreated. Blisters in taped and untaped areas were counted.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 91 runners (aged 18 to 75) at RacingThePlanet stage races: 400 mg ibuprofen tablets or placebo during a 50-mile stage. Primary outcome: acute kidney injury at the finish.

17 healthy adults, one group, one test day: three inertial sensors provided feedback on knee flexion, trunk lean and frontal-plane thigh motion after each jump. The goal was a landing pattern with lower ACL injury risk.

Observational study of 84 male high school football players aged 14 to 18: a head band (Nautilus NeuroWave) recorded signals, and an algorithm decided "concussion yes or no". How well did the device perform against the SCAT test?

Stanford University study with 136 runners (18–75 years) in a six-stage, 250 km desert race over seven days: one foot chosen by coin flip was taped with paper tape, the other left untreated. The primary outcome was the occurrence of blisters.

Randomized, double-blind crossover study from Florida State University with 12 trained female runners: chocolate milk or placebo the evening before a 10 km treadmill time trial, plus measures of hydration and substrate metabolism.

Non-randomized intervention study with 722 Swiss recruits (aged 18–25): new sport concept with two 90-minute strength and games sessions plus two 30-minute endurance sessions per week, or the previous sport routine, over 18 weeks. Injuries, fitness, resilience and attrition were recorded.

Single-arm pilot study from the University of Utah with five physically active men aged 18 to 35: four weeks of testosterone nasal spray, regular urine and blood samples. How strongly do the markers that doping controls look for change?

Placebo-controlled study at the University of Georgia with 45 trained female and male endurance athletes: 35 days of an echinacea supplement at two doses or a sugar pill. Outcomes were treadmill VO2max plus red blood cells, EPO, ferritin and hematocrit.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 38 randomized runners aged 18 to 55: 675 mg Protandim daily (bacopa, milk thistle, ashwagandha, green tea, turmeric) or corn starch for about 90 days. Primary outcomes: 5 km time and blood lipid peroxides.

Observational study from Stanford University with 25 patients receiving an ultrasound-guided PRP injection into a tendon or muscle. Blood samples before and up to four days after injection were meant to show whether doping-relevant growth factors rise.

Open-label randomized pilot study with 80 children and adolescents (aged 8–18) after a first concussion: acetaminophen, ibuprofen, both, or no scheduled medication over 72 hours. Headache days, intensity and return to school were recorded.

Randomized, triple-blind pilot study with 25 athletes aged 18 to 44: within 24 hours of a concussion they received oral progesterone or placebo for five days. Did the hormone shorten how long symptoms lasted?

Randomized, triple-blind University of Pittsburgh study with 67 enrolled adults aged 18 to 65: dextrose injection, deep or superficial saline injection at the elbow. Is the effect due to the solution, the needle – or neither?

Randomized, double-blind phase 1 crossover study with 12 healthy men: a single 600 mg dose of PF-05175157 or placebo, followed by cardiac ultrasound and treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Outcomes included myocardial strain, OUES, peak VO2 and other exercise measures.

Randomized, triple-blind phase 3 study by Pfizer with 304 participants aged 12 and over: ibuprofen gel twice or three times daily versus placebo gel after a mild to moderate sprain. How much did the gel relieve pain on weight bearing?

Randomized trial at Karolinska University Hospital: 150 adults after surgical repair of an Achilles tendon rupture received two weeks in a plaster cast or an orthosis with daily pneumatic calf compression. Outcomes were thrombosis on ultrasound, a healing marker and calf function at one year.

Non-randomized lab study by the Sport and Spine Rehab Clinical Research Foundation with 15 healthy active adults and 15 patients with non-radicular neck pain (18–65 years): six neck exercises with Thera-Band and with manual resistance, muscle activity by EMG.

Randomized, quadruple-blind phase 2 trial from the University of Colorado with 167 untrained men aged 60 and over: low or higher testosterone dose or placebo, each with or without strength training three times a week for 52 weeks.

Physiological phase I study with 62 healthy adults (18 to 40 and 60 to 85 years): 45 minutes of walking at 40% VO2peak or an infusion of sodium nitroprusside, in older adults partly with an amino acid drink. Muscle protein synthesis rate was measured via biopsy.

Randomized, double-blind University of Chile study with 50 community-dwelling women aged 60 to 80: 12 weeks of progressive strength training plus 5 g of creatine or maltodextrin daily. Muscle thickness by ultrasound, quadriceps strength and 12-minute walking distance were measured.

Non-randomized four-group study by the University of Michigan with 43 patients aged 14 to 35 after a sports-related ACL tear. Primary outcome: isometric quadriceps strength at return to activity, about 6 months after surgery.

Randomized, triple-blinded crossover study with 10 trained male runners (10 km best under 40 minutes): nitrate-rich beetroot shot or nitrate-depleted placebo shot before a 10 km time trial in low-oxygen conditions.

Double-blind randomized study with 32 male power athletes (aged 18 to 35) familiar with squat, bench press and deadlift: four weeks of strength training plus 11 g of T+ or placebo daily. Outcomes included maximal strength in the three competition lifts, training volume, and testosterone, oestrogen, IGF-I, cortisol and blood lipids.

Non-randomized comparison with 30 adults aged 18 to 65, half healthy and half with low back pain: eight hip and leg exercises, each with and without Thera-Band resistance. Outcomes were gluteus maximus EMG activity as a percentage of maximal contraction and perceived exertion.

Randomized 2 × 2 study with 41 physically inactive adults aged 50 to 75: flavanol product or flavanol-free product, each with or without 12 weeks of aerobic training (four times a week). Brain blood volume by CBV-fMRI, memory tests and VO2max were measured.

Randomized trial from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte with 24 people aged 18 to 35 with chronic ankle instability: four weeks of balance training alone or combined with calf stretching, joint traction, mobilization and plantar massage.

Triple-blind study with 24 adults aged 18 to 35: after soreness-inducing leg exercise, each leg was randomly assigned diclofenac gel or placebo, four times daily for 48 hours. Pain relief while walking, standing and at rest was measured.

Triple-blind randomized crossover study from Colorado State University with twelve healthy men: placebo in normoxia and placebo, 1000 mg or 3000 mg Aes-103 in hypoxia before a cycling time trial. Time trial performance and tolerability were assessed.

Randomized, assessor-blinded trial from the University of Florida with 29 enrolled patients (15 to 35 years) after traumatic meniscal tear and meniscectomy: six weeks of standard rehab or standard rehab plus high-intensity electrical stimulation and eccentric overload of the quadriceps.

Randomized study with 75 active students: Compex recovery program, ice or no treatment after intense leg extensions and flexions. Muscle soreness was rated on five days.

Randomized, double-blind crossover study with ten male swimmers aged 13 to 17 at regional to national level: sodium citrate as a single dose or over four days, each against flavoured water. Did 200 m times get faster?

Randomized Stanford study with 66 previously inactive adults aged 55 and over with moderate sleep problems: twelve months of endurance, strength and flexibility training or health education classes without exercise content. Sleep was measured by polysomnography at home.

Pilot study from the University of Florida with 22 trained runners who land on the forefoot or midfoot: 20 minutes of treadmill running each in cushioned shoes and barefoot on two days. Energy expenditure and peak impact force were measured.

Cross-sectional study from the University of Copenhagen with 21 healthy, normal-weight men aged 20 to 30: 11 endurance-trained (VO2max above 60 ml/kg/min) and 10 untrained (below 50). It compared what share of insulin secretion is due to gut hormones.

Randomized study from the University of Florida with 67 adults after ACL rupture: reconstruction with a BioCleanse-processed donor patellar tendon or a comparison graft. The outcome was the subjective IKDC knee function score at 24 months.

Randomized study with 32 active men aged 25 to 32 in Brazil: 46 supervised 20-minute treadmill sessions as interval or continuous running, plus a control group. VO2max, heart rate, lactate, speed and body composition were measured.

Randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 3 trial with 449 enrolled athletes aged 18 to 40 with a fresh lateral ligament injury: Traumeel ointment, Traumeel gel or diclofenac gel, 2 g three times daily for 14 days each. Primary outcomes: pain reduction and daily function on day 7.

Randomized study with 104 internal medicine residents (aged 21 to 45) at Massachusetts General Hospital: twelve weeks with an activity tracker showing data and a website, or a blinded tracker without feedback. Primary outcome: steps per day.

Randomized, double-blind study at Western Michigan University with 20 recreationally active adults (18–30 years): 3 g of Lovaza (omega-3 acid ethyl esters) or wheat germ oil daily for 65 days, then eccentric quadriceps exercise. Strength, pressure pain, creatine kinase and interleukin-6 were measured.

Randomized crossover study with 30 healthy, normal-weight adults (aged 20–35): rest, 30 minutes of Wii Fit Free Run, three Wii Fit aerobics games, and treadmill walking or running on separate days. Energy expenditure in METs was measured by indirect calorimetry.

Randomized study from Hong Kong with 62 men aged 18 to 40: ACL replacement with patellar tendon, single bundle or double bundle hamstring graft. How well did the knee work after one year from the patients' perspective?

Cross-sectional study with 97 swimmers (aged 11–23) from Scottish national and district squads: screening with mannitol challenge, sport-specific exercise test, nitric oxide measurement, allergy testing and nasal lavage. The registry reports only exhaled nitric oxide.

Randomized study with 60 patients aged 15 to 70: a single injection of autologous blood or methylprednisolone, each with local anesthetic, at the lateral elbow. Pain and symptom stage were assessed at one, four and twelve weeks and at six months.